| Jennifer Granholm | |
|---|---|
| 47th Governor of Michigan | |
| In office January 1, 2003 – January 1, 2011 |
|
| Lieutenant | John Cherry |
| Preceded by | John Engler |
| Succeeded by | Rick Snyder |
| 51st Attorney General of Michigan | |
| In office January 1, 1999 – January 1, 2003 |
|
| Governor | John Engler |
| Preceded by | Frank Kelley |
| Succeeded by | Mike Cox |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 5, 1959 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada |
| Political party | Democratic Party |
| Spouse(s) | Daniel Mulhern (since 1986) |
| Children | Kathryn Cecelia Jack |
| Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley Harvard Law School |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Jennifer Mulhern Granholm (born February 5, 1959) is a Canadian-born American politician, educator, and author who served as Attorney General and 47th Governor of the U.S. state of Michigan. A member of the Democratic Party, Granholm became Michigan's first female governor on January 1, 2003, when she succeeded Governor John Engler. Granholm was re-elected on November 7, 2006, and was sworn in for her second and, due to term limits, final term on January 1, 2007. She has been mentioned as a potential Supreme Court justice for President Barack Obama.[1] She was a member of the transition team for the presidency of President Obama before he assumed office on January 20, 2009.[2] After leaving office, Granholm took a position at the University of California at Berkeley and, with her husband Daniel Mulhern, coauthored A Governor's Story: The Fight for Jobs and America's Future, released in September 2011.[3]
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Granholm was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, to Shirley Alfreda Dowden and Victor Ivar Granholm.[4] Granholm's paternal grandfather, who immigrated to Canada in the 1930s, came from Robertsfors, Sweden, where his father was mayor.[5] The Minister for Enterprise and Energy and former Vice Prime Minister of Sweden, Maud Olofsson, lives in Robertsfors, and when the two met in Sweden, it was revealed that Olofsson's husband is a relative of Granholm's.[6]
Granholm's grandmother was an emigrant from Norway. Granholm's family moved to California when she was four.[7] She grew up in Anaheim, San Jose and San Carlos.[8] Granholm graduated from San Carlos High School in 1977.[7] She won the Miss San Carlos beauty pageant.[8] As a young adult she attempted to launch a Hollywood acting career but was unsuccessful and she abandoned her efforts at the age of 21.[7] She held jobs as a tour guide at Universal Studios, within customer service for the Los Angeles Times and was the first female tour guide at Marine World Africa USA in Redwood City, piloting boats with 25 tourists aboard.[8] In 1980, she became a United States citizen and worked for John Anderson's independent run for President of the United States, and enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley. She graduated from UC-Berkeley in 1984 Phi Beta Kappa with two B.A. degrees, one in political science, the other in French. Granholm then earned a Juris Doctor degree at Harvard Law School, also with honors.
She clerked for U.S. Judge Damon Keith on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. In 1990 she became an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan. In 1994, she was appointed Wayne County Corporation Counsel.
Granholm, like California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, was once a contestant on the daytime television game show The Dating Game.[9]
Granholm was elected Michigan Attorney General in 1998, defeating the Republican nominee, John Smietanka, 52 percent to 48 percent. The first woman to hold that position, she served for four years (1999–2003), focusing on protecting citizens and consumers and establishing Michigan's first High Tech Crime Unit. After the September 11, 2001, attacks, Granholm directed state agencies to work with lawmakers in keeping the fight against terrorism within the powers of the state. She also imposed a regulation on gasoline dealers to keep them from raising prices dramatically, something which occurred sporadically across Michigan immediately following the attacks.
In the 2002 election, she defeated former Governor James Blanchard and House Democratic Whip David Bonior in the Democratic primary, and then went on to win the gubernatorial election against the Republican nominee, Lieutenant Governor Dick Posthumus, to become governor.
Granholm was sworn in as the 47th Governor of the state of Michigan on January 1, 2003.
The main issue facing the governor was the massive budget deficit. Granholm has had to eliminate upwards of $200 per person from state budget expenditures, successfully resolving over $14 billion[10] in budget deficits. She has emphasized the need for the state to attract young people and businesses to Michigan via the Cool Cities Initiative.[11][12] As Governor, she was a member of the National Governors Association. She was chair of the Health and Human Services Committee and was co-chair of the Health Care Task Force of the National Governors Association. She is also a former Chair of the Midwestern Governors Association. She lived in the official Michigan Governor's Residence located near the Capitol Building.
In 2003, Granholm ran five miles across the Mackinac Bridge, which connects the state's two peninsulas, in 47 minutes during the Mackinac Bridge Walk. Her run began a new tradition, and 2004 saw the first annual Governor’s Labor Day Bridge Run[13] held hours before the Annual Bridge Walk. This time she finished the run in under 45 minutes.
During Granholm’s first year in office, she made a significant number of budget cuts to deal with a $1.7 billion deficit (about 2% of the annual state budget). She was upset by proposals to cut state funding to social welfare programs, such as homeless shelters and mental health agencies. During an interview, she reflected on her view of the proper perspective of budget cuts:
Granholm has been a proponent of education reform since the first year of her term. In her first State of the State Address in 2003, Granholm announced Project Great Start to focus on reforming education for children from birth to age 5. Project Great Start has coordinated public and private efforts to encourage educating new parents and encouraging parents to read to their children.[15]
Granholm emphasized post-secondary education for Michiganders following the decline in Michigan manufacturing jobs, many of which did not require a college degree. In 2004, she asked Lt. Governor John D. Cherry to lead a Commission on Higher Education and Economic Growth to double the number of college graduates in Michigan. Many of the Commission's recommendations were enacted into law during Granholm's tenure as governor, like increasing high school graduation standards (The Michigan Merit Curriculum) so that every Michigan high school student takes a college preparatory curriculum, which included four years of math and English/language arts and three years of science and social studies, beginning with students who entered high school in the fall of 2006.[16]
At an awards ceremony on October 28, 2004, Granholm was inducted into the "Michigan Women's Hall of Fame". She has also been the recipient of the Michigan Jaycees 1999 "Outstanding Young Michiganders" and the YWCA "Woman of the Year" awards.
In February 2005, Michigan's Republican-dominated Legislature refused to vote on Granholm's proposed state budget, citing concerns over cuts to state funding for higher education.[17] In the previous years of Granholm's term, many cuts to higher education had been demanded and voted in the Legislature in order to balance the state budget. The year before, Republican leaders had called Granholm a "do-nothing Governor", claiming that she failed to lead, while Democrats accused legislative Republicans of being obstructionist. In January 2005, Granholm presented an early budget proposal, demanded immediate response from the Legislature, and held a press conference outlining the highlights of the proposed budget. After refusing to consider, debate, or vote on the proposed budget, Republicans stated they would prefer that the Legislature have more involvement in the formation of the state budget.[18]
Michigan's economy has been losing jobs since 2000, largely based on the decline in the American manufacturing sector. Granholm supported diversification Michigan's economy away from its historical reliance on automotive manufacturing. She pushed through a $2 billion 21st Century Jobs Fund to attract jobs to Michigan in the life sciences, alternative energy, advanced manufacturing, and homeland security sectors.[19] Granholm also supported alternative energy jobs to Michigan to replace lost auto manufacturing jobs.
Granholm ran for a second term in the 2006 election. Her opponents were Republican businessman and politician Dick DeVos, Libertarian Gregory Creswell, Green Douglas Campbell, and the Constitution (US Taxpayers) Party candidate Bhagwan Dashairya.[20]
The state's unemployment rate hovered around seven percent for much of her term. Additionally, Michigan ranked #49 in retaining young adults between 2000 and 2005, again attributed to the sluggish economy.[21][22]
Both the Granholm campaign and the Michigan Democratic Party put out television commercials produced by Joe Slade White which focused on her efforts to revive Michigan's economy and accused Dick DeVos of cutting Michigan jobs while he was head of what was then called Amway. Granholm won re-election, defeating DeVos. The margin (rounded to the nearest percent) was 56 percent (Granholm), 42 percent (DeVos), one percent (Gregory Creswell), one percent (Douglas Campbell) and one percent (Bhagwan Dashairya).[20] Granholm polled 4.9 percent higher than she did in her first gubernatorial election in 2002.
The 2006 elections saw a return to power by the Democrats in the Michigan State House of Representatives but the retention of Republican control over the Michigan Senate. The partisan division of power in Michigan's state government led to a showdown between Granholm and Republican lawmakers over the FY2008 state budget that resulted in a four-hour shutdown of non-essential state services in the early morning of October 1, 2007 until a budget was passed and signed.[23] The budget cut services, increased the state income tax and created a new set of service taxes on a variety of business activities, from ski lift tickets to interior design and landscaping, to address a state budget shortfall. As a result of the controversial budget, some taxpayer and business advocates called for a recall campaign against Granholm and lawmakers who voted for the tax increases.[24]
The budget crisis eventually led Standard & Poors to downgrade Michigan's credit rating from AA to AA-. Additionally, the crisis contributed to sinking approval ratings for Granholm, which stood at 43 percent in August 2007,[25] to a low of 32 percent in December 2007. She had one of the lowest approval ratings for any Governor in the United States.[26] The divided Michigan legislature received an even lower approval rating of 18 percent in the same poll.[27]
In 2007, Granholm proposed and signed into law the No Worker Left Behind program to provide two years of free training or community college for unemployed and displaced workers.[28] Since its launch in August 2007, over 61,434 people have received training through No Worker Left Behind. The program caps tuition assistance at $5000 per year for two years, or $10,000 per person, and covers retraining in high-demand occupations and emerging industries.[29]Results of this program were mixed. More than two years after the program was launched, only 16,164 people had completed the program and found new jobs. Over twice as many people had enrolled in the program had either dropped out or were still unemployed after completing the program. In fact, 47% of those who did complete the program failed to find a new job.[30]
Granholm delivered her sixth State of the State address on January 29, 2008. The speech was focused mainly on creating jobs in Michigan's economy through bringing alternative energy companies to Michigan.[31] Through passing a Renewable Portfolio Standard, which would require that by 2015, 10 percent of Michigan's energy would come from renewable sources and 25 percent by 2025, Granholm expects the alternative energy industry to emerge in Michigan.[32] Since the passage of the standard, Mariah Power, Global Wind Systems, Cascade Swift Turbine, Great Lakes Turbine and 38 other companies have all announced new projects in Michigan.[33] Solar and Wind power now provide over 10,000 jobs in Michigan. As a result of Granholm's efforts, Michigan is now fourth in the nation for number of jobs in the solar industry and first in the nation for clean energy patents.[34]
Granholm also called in the speech for an incentive package to offer tax breaks to filmmakers who shoot in Michigan and use local crews in production. A package of bills offering film industry incentives was approved by both houses of the Michigan Legislature and signed into law by Granholm on April 7, 2008.[35]
Partly because of pressure from Granholm, Michigan's Democratic presidential primary was moved up to January 15, leading the Democratic National Committee to strip the Michigan Democratic Party of its delegates (Michigan historically held its caucuses on February 9). Granholm has been named by some as a possible candidate for United States Attorney General. She is currently the Policy Chair of the Democratic Governors Association.
On April 29, 2008, Granholm had emergency surgery to fix a bowel obstruction that stemmed from a 1993 accident. Because of the surgery, Granholm had to postpone a trip to Israel and Kuwait.[36]
In response to a May 14, 2008 resolution by the Detroit City Council to request that Granholm remove Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick from office in response to eight (later ten) felony counts against him,[37] Granholm began an inquiry,[38] which culminated in a removal hearing on September 3, 2008.[39] On September 3, Granholm outlined the legal basis for the hearings, arguments were made and three witnesses were called.[40] In the morning of September 4, Kilpatrick agreed to two plea deals, pleading guilty to two counts of perjury and no contest to one count of assaulting and obstructing a police officer in two separate cases. Both of the deals required his resignation. When the hearing reconvened later that day, Granholm stated that the hearing would be adjourned until September 22 as a result of the plea deals; if Kilpatrick's resignation becomes effective before that date, the hearing would then be cancelled.[41]
In September 2008, Gov. Granholm undertook the role of Republican vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin in a series of practice debates with Democratic vice presidential nominee Joseph Biden.[42]
With the election of Barack Obama as President, Granholm joined his economic advisory team and there was speculation that she may join the Obama administration.[43]
On May 13, 2009, the Associated Press reported that President Obama was considering Granholm, among others, for possible appointment to the United States Supreme Court. Eventually Obama chose Sonia Sotomayor.[44]
In 2010, Granholm was unable to seek re-election due to Michigan's term limits.[45] Governor Granholm's tenure ended on January 1, 2011, when Republican Rick Snyder was sworn in.
Over eight years, Granholm’s efforts in partnership with her economic development team have resulted in more than 653,000 direct jobs created or retained and spurred more than $57 billion in private investment in nearly 4,000 economic development projects. While she was Governor, Site Selection magazine repeatedly named Michigan one of the top three states in the country for recruiting new businesses and projects. Michigan was also twice recognized by The Pew Center on the States as one of the best-managed states in the nation.[46] According to the Gallup Job Creation Index, Michigan led the country in the improvement of job market conditions between 2009 and 2010.[47] However, over this same period, Michigan also reached its highest unemployment rate ever, and was the highest unemployment rate in the entire nation. During her tenure, Michigan was repeatedly recognized as the #1 digital state in the nation; the state’s web site carried top honors for years and the state has consolidated over 40 statewide e-mail systems down to just two (reducing e-mail support staff by half and hardware requirements by nearly 90%), and consolidated 37 separate data centers down to just three, saving millions while improving the overall security and quality.[48]
Governor Granholm is a Distinguished Practitioner of Law and Public Policy at the University of California, Berkeley. In autumn 2011, she is teaching a graduate class entitled "Governing in Tough Times." As a Senior Advisor to The Pew Charitable Trusts’ Clean Energy Program, Granholm leads a national campaign for a national clean energy policy that promotes and funds research and manufacturing for wind, solar and advanced battery industries in the U.S.. She’s a regular contributor to NBC’s political talk show, “Meet the Press,” is authoring a book, A Governor's Story: The Fight For Jobs and America's Economic Future (Release Date: Sept. 20, 2011), with her husband on the lessons Michigan’s experience can offer to America, and serves on the board of directors for The Dow Chemical Company.[49]. On October 12, 2011, Current TV announced that Granholm would be joining its new political prime-time lineup as host of the new program The War Room with Jennifer Granholm.
In 1986 she married Daniel Mulhern, a Michigan native, and took his surname as her middle name. They have three children: Kathryn, Cecelia, and Jack.
As governor of Michigan, Granholm was afforded the courtesy title of Her Excellency while in office. Upon leaving office, she retains the title of Honorable (abbreviated to Hon. or Hon'ble) and Governor for life.
On October 21, 2010, Granholm was made a Commander of the Royal Order of the Polar Star, First Class by the King of Sweden "for her work in fostering relations between Michigan and Sweden to promote a clean energy economy.".[50][51]
| Michigan Gubernatorial Election 2006 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Jennifer Granholm (Incumbent) | 2,142,513 | 56.3 | +4.9 | |
| Republican | Dick DeVos | 1,608,086 | 42.3 | -5.1 | |
| Libertarian | Greg Creswell | 23,524 | 0.6 | n/a | |
| Green | Douglas Campbell | 20,009 | 0.5 | -0.3 | |
| Constitution | Bhagwan Dashairya | 7,087 | 0.2 | -0.3 | |
| none | Write-in candidates | 37 | 0.0 | n/a | |
| Majority | 534,427 | 14.0 | +10 | ||
| Turnout | 3,801,256 | 100 | +19.6 | ||
| Democratic hold | Swing | ||||
| Michigan Gubernatorial Election 2002 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Jennifer Granholm | 1,633,796 | 51.4 | n/a | |
| Republican | Dick Posthumus | 1,506,104 | 47.4 | n/a | |
| Green | Douglas Campbell | 25,236 | 0.8 | n/a | |
| Constitution | Joseph Pilchak | 12,411 | 0.4 | n/a | |
| none | Write-in candidates | 18 | 0.0 | n/a | |
| Majority | 127,692 | 4.0 | |||
| Turnout | 3,177,565 | 100 | |||
| Democratic gain from Republican | Swing | ||||
| Michigan Gubernatorial Election 2002 - Democratic Primary | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Jennifer Granholm | 499,129 | 47.69 | ||
| Democratic | David Bonior | 292,958 | 27.99 | ||
| Democratic | Jim Blanchard | 254,586 | 24.32 | ||
| Michigan Attorney General Election 1998 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Jennifer Granholm | 1,557,310 | 52.09 | ||
| Republican | John Smietanka | 1,432,604 | 47.92 | ||
| Legal offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Frank Kelley |
Attorney General of Michigan 1999–2003 |
Succeeded by Mike Cox |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by John Engler |
Governor of Michigan 2003–2011 |
Succeeded by Rick Snyder |
|
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